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Nijmegen breakage syndrome: Molecular pathways that lead to microcephaly

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A. Pores and skin cells from NBS sufferers have been reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells that kind a spherical, flat colony and stained optimistic for alkaline phosphatase exercise, an early marker for pluripotency. B. The induced pluripotent stem cells with NBS have been then differentiated into early neurons, displaying the formation of neural rosettes and neurons. These cells have been stained optimistic for NCAM1 (purple), a protein expressed in early neurons (nuclei stained in blue). Credit score: Tomer Halevy et. al Scientists from Jerusalem and Duesseldorf have succeeded in producing induced pluripotent stem cells from a uncommon dysfunction known as Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS) and to push these cells to turn out to be early neurons, revealing the mechanisms resulting in the neurological phenotype noticed in these su...
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Scientists find culprit responsible for calcified blood vessels in kidney disease

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A new study indicates that stem cells called Gli1 cells (shown in red) are responsible for depositing calcium in the arteries, increasing the risk of atherosclerosis. Over time, the condition can lead to cardiovascular disease and is especially common in patients with chronic kidney disease. The research may help scientists find ways to prevent hardening of arteries. Credit: Humphreys lab Scientists have implicated a type of stem cell in the calcification of blood vessels that is common in patients with chronic kidney disease. The research will guide future studies into ways to block minerals from building up inside blood vessels and exacerbating atherosclerosis, the hardening of the arteries. The study, led by researchers at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, appears Sept. 8 in the journal  Cell Stem Cell . "In the...
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Human kidney progenitors isolated, offering new clues to cell renewal

A key unit of the kidney, the nephron is a tiny structure that filters waste. In humans, about 500,000 to 1,000,000 nephrons are generated before week 34 to 36 of fetal gestation, a point at which NP cells are fully depleted and nephrogenesis ceases. The loss of a sufficient number of nephrons at any time after this period, leads to irreversible kidney failure, as no further cell repair or regeneration can occur. Previously, nephron progenitors have primarily been studied in animal models or through the use of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPCs). The CHLA scientists utilized an efficient protocol for direct isolation of human NP using RNA-labeling probes to obtain NP-expressing SIX2 and CITED1 -- the master genes regulating renal development. "In addition to defining the genetic profile of human NP, this system will facilitate studies of human kidney development, providing a novel tool for renal regeneration and bioengineering purposes," says principal investigator L...
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Muscular dystrophy-causing receptor has broader role in brain development

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Dr. Holly Colognato and MD/PhD Scholar Himanshu Sharma view stem cell area of interest cells which are affected when brains lack the muscle cell receptor dystroglycan . Credit score: Picture courtesy of Stony Brook College Researchers at Stony Brook College have found that dystroglycan, a muscle cell receptor whose dysfunction causes muscular dystrophy, really has a essential position in mind improvement. The discovering, revealed within the journal  Developmental Cell , could assist to elucidate why a subset of kids born with a dysfunction of this muscle receptor, even have neurological issues that may embrace seizures, mental incapacity, autism, and extreme studying disabilities. Within the new child mind, one of many essential modifications that happens is that specialised pockets type that serve to accommodate and nurture neural stem c...
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Stiff, oxygen-deprived tumors promote spread of cancer

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Researchers from Princeton College and the Mayo Clinic Most cancers Middle have discovered particular situations -- tumor hardness and an absence of oxygen on the tumor's core -- that result in breast-cancer development in laboratory cultures. The illustration above exhibits non-spreading most cancers cells with out these situations (left), whereas these which are stiff and hypoxic (proper) are starting to unfold. Credit score: Picture courtesy of Celeste Nelson, Division of Chemical and Organic Engineering When Hippocrates first described most cancers round 400 B.C., he referred to the illness's telltale tumors as "karkinos" -- the Greek phrase for crab. The "Father of Western Medication" seemingly famous that most cancers's creeping projections mirrored sure crustaceans, and the tumors' attribute hardness res...
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New technique generates human neural stem cells for tissue engineering, 3D brain models

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This picture present neuromuscular tissue engineering: hiNSCs (crimson) grown in co-culture with skeletal muscle (inexperienced), with cell nuclei visualized by blue DAPI staining. Credit score: Dana M. Cairns, Tufts College Tufts College researchers have found a brand new approach for producing rapidly-differentiating human neural stem cells to be used in a wide range of tissue engineering purposes, together with a three-dimensional mannequin of the human mind, in keeping with a paper printed in  Stem Cell Stories . The work might pave the best way for experiments that engineer different innervated tissues, such because the pores and skin and cornea, and for the event of human mind fashions with illnesses comparable to Alzheimer's or Parkinson's. Researchers transformed human fibroblasts and adipose-derived stem cells into steady, human i...
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MRI guidance shows promise in delivering stem cell therapies

In a description of the work, published online Sept. 12 in the  Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism , they express hope that the tests in anesthetized dogs and pigs are a step toward human trials of a technique to treat Parkinson's disease, stroke, and other brain damaging disorders. "Although stem cell-based therapies seem very promising, we've seen many clinical trials fail. In our view, what's needed are tools to precisely target and deliver stem cells to larger areas of the brain," says Piotr Walczak, M.D., Ph.D., associate professor of radiology at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine's Institute for Cell Engineering. The therapeutic promise of human stem cells is derived from their ability to develop into any kind of cell and, in theory, regenerate injured or diseased tissues ranging from the insulin-making islet cells of the pancreas that are lost in type 1 diabetes to the dopamine-producing brain cells that die off in Parkinson...
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